Paradise FedNow? How the 2023 Payments Network Will Improve Real-Time Payments (September Fintech Newsletter)

Paradise FedNow? How the 2023 Payments Network Will Improve Real-Time Payments

At the end of August, the U.S. Federal Reserve announced that its real-time payments network, FedNow, was finally going to launch in May or June of 2023. The highly anticipated new service, which will enable instant payments between accounts at participating banks at any time of day, has been contemplated by the Fed and others for over 10 years. More than 120 banks, payment processors, and gateways and others have since tried the service as part of a pilot program. Now that the launch is finally happening, what will it mean for real-time payments in the U.S.?

We can all agree that faster, real-time payments are better for a number of reasons, and the traditional methods have been imperfect. Real-time payments means merchants can get paid without needing to wait for funds to settle, for example, and employees can similarly get their wages faster. They also should eliminate the chargeback risk for a merchant because the funds are immediately transferred and irrevocable. ACH, which is batch processed, can typically take several days, and at most, will allow same-day settlement. It also runs the risk of the sender having insufficient funds and the payment failing. Wires are immediate, but only operate during business hours, so if you miss the working hours window, you have to wait to transfer. Zelle, Venmo, Mastercard Send, and Visa Direct all offer instant payment options, but they cater more to consumers, and they generally have lower limits and only allow smaller amounts to be transmitted. Credit cards, of course, have a few day settlement period.

A real-time payments network, of course, isn’t a completely new concept in the U.S. The Clearing House (TCH), a banking association and payments company owned and operated by a consortium of the 26 largest national banks, launched its own real-time payments (RTP) network in 2017. RTP also offers an instant payment ability, but adoption has been slow and mostly among large, rather than small, banks. This is because smaller banks have been reluctant to work with a network that was created by the same big banks that have been gobbling up market share and threatening their existence (although small banks and credit unions can access RTP through their relationships with large banks and third-party payments processors).

For additional context, less than 1% of U.S. transactions and spend settled in real time last year. Compare that with India, the global leader in real-time payments, which processed over 30% of total payments volume in real time in 2021. Brazil is also quickly catching-up—see below. Banks also don’t often advertise RTP to their customers. The cynical view is that banks, as card issuers, earn fees on credit card interchange, among other reasons, so they might not be incentivized to promote RTP, even if they are integrated.

FedNow’s goal is to offer smaller banks access and provide a competitive rail to RTP. The service will be available to any bank in the Fed system, as opposed to just via TCH members. One of the major pieces of feedback from the pilot was the concern that only one option would create economic security issues if the singular service were ever unavailable (and conversely, big banks have lobbied against FedNow). FedNow will also use the international ISO 20022 messaging standard, unlike ACH, which should make it interoperable with other payments systems, although FedNow’s data fields may not be organized like those of other systems. The initial limit is likely to be up to $500,000, but the default will be $100,000. The settlement model is slightly different, but fungibly similar; FedNow will leverage participating banks’ existing master account at the Fed while the RTP rail requires participants to have a separate pooled account for liquidity at The Clearing House.

So what does this mean for fintech? Overall, while it’s a step in the right direction, FedNow is still only creating a rail, and it will require a number of steps to operationalize (especially for small banks). This is because even if the rails are built, applications still need a way to connect to the rails. Ideally, through the pilot process, once testing begins, there will be more clarity on this; very little has been revealed thus far. An infrastructure layer is also needed to connect apps and services to send the payments over the rails: the so-called “last mile.”

Moreover, banks need to participate and integrate with FedNow to offer their customers access, and they need to figure out their fraud controls. There’s also the question of integrating with multiple rails. Bigger banks will likely build out the connection between the two. However, smaller banks may not have the resources to do so. Time will tell how this issue will be solved. Consumers and businesses also need to be made aware that it exists—something that RTP has struggled with to date. It also leaves open a number of questions and potential opportunities around international transfers (FedNow is just domestic) or larger- size transfers in the future.

Seema Amble is a partner at Andreessen Horowitz, where she focuses on SaaS and fintech investments in B2B fintech, payments, CFO tools, and vertical software.

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Lessons for FedNow From PIX

Concurrent with the FedNow announcement, we’re seeing perhaps the most successful adoption of a national real-time payment (RTP) system yet with the development of PIX in Brazil. While India holds the top spot for RTP volume and RTP share of all transactions (by a wide margin), PIX is the fastest-growing national RTP system and currently processes 2x more real-time transactions per capita than India. Given its rapid growth, does PIX foretell any lessons that could inform a significant shift in U.S. payments in 2023 and beyond?

Launched in November 2020 and developed by Brazil’s central bank (Banco Central Do Brasil), the PIX network provides free and instant settlement of digital money transfers within two accounts registered with participant institutions. Less than two years since implementation, adoption has exceeded expectations: PIX processes the wide majority of B2B payments, and over 75% of the adult population has either sent or received a payment via PIX. While initial adoption was mostly driven by the replacement of bank wires and cash payments in a B2B / P2P context, new features added in 2021 (e.g., payment in installments, scheduled payments, cash back, merchant initiation) and growing merchant adoption haves led to an accelerating use for P2B transactions. PIX is now processing ~$250B in annualized P2B payments, equivalent to more than 40% of card volume and 20% of total consumer spend.

Two important reasons for PIX’s success are 1) its strong proposition vs. incumbent alternatives, and 2) a set of effective implementation decisions by Brazil’s Central Bank and market conditions.

1. PIX offers an all-in-one infrastructure that is materially cheaper and more convenient, and thus has generated widespread adoption across each of its different contexts. PIX is free and instant. Bank wires and boletos are expensive, only available during business hours, and take multiple days to settle in the recipient’s account. Cash is less secure and more expensive to manage for merchants.
2. At the same time, rapid PIX adoption was aided by specific functionality and implementation decisions focused on widespread access, cost-free participation, and simplified user adoption. PIX requires any financial institution with 500k+ users to offer PIX within its digital application at launch. PIX has also allowed fintechs to participate, to the point that 85% of the ~780 active participants are indirect participants (institutions not regulated by the Central Bank). Furthermore, PIX payments must be offered for free for P2P transfers and can only be charged for B2B transfers under specific conditions. And finally, PIX is focused on creating a simple and consistent experience across participants. For example, PIX allows for easy, Zelle-like registration with keys such as phone numbers or email, mandates a consistent UX across applications, and standardizes digital payment initiations for merchants (e.g., it replaces the one QR code needed per closed loop wallet).

So what might this mean for the prospects of FedNow?

First, it is important to note that status quo payment solutions in the U.S. are closer in cost and convenience to what FedNow will offer relative to the improvement introduced by PIX. Large banks already use RTP for transfers (but have discretion to charge consumers); consumer adoption of free P2P digital payment solutions like Zelle, Venmo, or Cash App is high; and card networks have higher penetration.

Second, the limited information about FedNow released to date suggests its implementation will differ significantly from PIX. FedNow may only be initially accessible to banks in the Fed System, participation will be voluntary, consumer fees will be discretionary, and added functionality will be built by its participants (vs by a central infrastructure in Brazil). While PIX evolved to be a “front-end” solution ubiquitous to Brazilian consumers, FedNow will launch as more of a back-end network available to banks at a low operational cost.

Finally, it is important to note that PIX adoption may have accelerated due to sponsorship by challenger neobanks. The growth of PIX has coincided with the acceleration of Nubank, Inter,  and other digital banks that do not have large profit pools in some of the disrupted service lines (wire fees, ATMs, merchant acquiring) and have therefore been strong advocates of the free service.

FedNow skeptics have noted that the U.S. already has real-time settlement infrastructure in RTP and adoption has been slow (~97% lower volume processed than PIX), predicting FedNow’s fate will be similar. However, this perspective could underestimate the compounding network effects of having a singular system to handle all transactions (P2P, B2B, B2P, P2B), similar to PIX, that FedNow could one day evolve to—potentially enabling a new wave of fintech disruption. If consumers and businesses can affordably and easily send and receive all of their payments with a single application, that could be a compelling value proposition.

Santiago Rodriguez is a partner on the Growth investing team, focused on fintech, consumer, and crypto technology companies.

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Alex Immerman is a partner on the Growth team at Andreessen Horowitz, where he focuses on fintech, consumer, enterprise, and crypto/web3 companies.

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